The two words are used together and mean different things.
Transparency is about the system. What data it learned from, how it was built, who is accountable, what its known limits are. It is a documentation and disclosure property, and any model can have it if somebody does the work.
Explainability is about a decision. Why this input produced this output. It is a technical property, and some model families have it while others largely do not.
A model can be transparent and unexplainable, which describes most published foundation models. It can also be explainable and opaque, if a well understood model is deployed with nothing documented.
The gradient
Linear and logistic regression are directly interpretable, since each coefficient states a contribution. A shallow decision tree can be read as a sequence of rules. Ensembles such as random forests and gradient boosting lose that directness and can be probed. Deep neural networks and foundation models are not interpretable in any faithful sense, and the field's best tools give approximations.
The tradeoff, and when it is worth taking
More flexible models usually perform better on hard problems and explain themselves worse. That is the tradeoff the syllabus asks about.
The gap is smaller than assumed on tabular data, where boosted trees and regression are frequently close. Where it is real, the question is what the decision touches.
Regulation may simply settle it. Credit, employment and insurance decisions carry a duty to give reasons in many jurisdictions, and a model that cannot support one is unusable regardless of accuracy.
Where somebody has to act on the output, an explanation is what makes acting possible. A fraud analyst given a score and no reason cannot investigate efficiently. Where the stakes are low and the volume high, such as ranking recommendations, accuracy can reasonably win.
Post hoc tools
For models that cannot explain themselves, feature attribution methods approximate an explanation by measuring how much each input contributed. SHAP is the best known and it is what SageMaker Clarify implements.
They are approximations. They can be unstable, they can mislead when inputs are correlated, and they describe the model rather than the world. They are much better than nothing and they are not a faithful account.
Model cards
A model card is the transparency artefact. It records what the model does, what it was trained on, how it performs overall and by subgroup, its known limitations, and the uses it is not suitable for.
SageMaker Model Cards is the AWS implementation, and it matters because it puts that record next to the model rather than in a document somebody wrote once. The exam also names open source models, open data and clear licensing as contributors to transparency, since a model whose training data and terms are published can be assessed by somebody outside the team that built it.
Human centred design
The syllabus asks for the principles, and they are about the person receiving the explanation rather than the technique producing it.
Explain in terms the audience can act on, which usually means naming the factors that mattered rather than presenting a score. Say how confident the system is and be honest when it is not. Give a route to a person, because an automated decision with no appeal is a design failure whatever its accuracy. And set expectations before the answer, since somebody told a system is assisting them reads its output differently from somebody told it is deciding.